中文提要
现代民族主体意识的建立是中国文化和文学现代化的体现，是19世纪后期以降中国现代文学建构区别于古典文学最明显的文化背景，而中国现代主体正是在百多年来中外文化交汇碰撞中建立起来的。对中国现代主体意识及其经验的考察，是揭示中国文学现代性复杂内涵的关键，而外国文学与文化在中国的译介，则是中国现代主体文化和文学创造的一种重要途径，是跨语际文化实践赖以展开的场域，是中华民族以及关于“现代人”想象建构中一种重要中介。其中弱势民族文学的译介实践和西方强势民族文学译介一起，共同构成了中国现代主体的一部分。而东欧文学作为中国现代视域中的“弱势民族文学”最典型的一部分，无论其内容本身对中国现代文学建构的历史贡献，还是在历史进程中所发挥的历史文化的特殊功能，尤其是其与欧美西方文学的对照而言，都具有重要的研究价值。本书聚焦于东欧文学在现代中国的译介及接受影响情形，并在现代中外文学关系的背景下，分析其对于中国文学现代进程所发挥的文化功能。
相对于西方文学的译介而言，这部分文学译介的数量虽然不多，但其历史复杂性并不相应降低。恰恰相反，这部分译介实践的过程及其成果，在中国现代主体意识的建构中有着特别的意义，它在现代民族身份的确认、文学情感的表达和文学价值的指归等方面，都有着特殊的文化功能。对这部分实践的分析，有助于完整地勾勒中国现代主体意识全貌，特别是有助于揭示被文化中心话语所遮蔽和压抑的民族主体的内在矛盾和紧张。本书作者认为，只有在这种中外文化交流多元谱系的语境中展开讨论，弱势民族文学译介的复杂情形才可以得到正视，弱势民族文学译介实践的文化和文学意义也就可能得到合理的说明，它在中国现代语境下往往遭受西方强势文学压抑的原因也可以得到进一步的解释，由此而引起的中国主体意识的相应特点，也可以得到进一步的落实。但汉语学术的基本事实是，在以往的中外文学关系研究中，作为中国现代文学外来因素之一的“弱势民族文学”的译介常遭忽视，不是以中西文学关系，就是以中苏文学关系为主导；在外国文学中译的研究中，既有的成果也基本囿于单纯的外国（国别）文学研究视野。
从中国主体的认知角度而言，“东欧”不仅是一个单纯的认知对象，它是中国现代民族意识觉醒的伴生物，它与中国民族主体意识的生成和演变，有着不可分割的联系。东欧诸国并称，也不只是一种简单的指陈行为，同时也表明了中国主体对东欧诸国共同的历史命运、文化处境和民族性格的认知。东欧作为一种镜像，同时也折射了中华民族现代化历史境遇的认识。在百多年的世界历史中，因为国际关系格局和意识形态等因素，东欧各国与中国之间关系的冷热亲疏、平坦曲折，不仅十分相似，而且往往相互牵连，这种关系状态，同样也反映在中国与东欧诸国的文学关系上。因此，居于中国主体立场讨论中国与东欧诸国文化和文学的关系，“东欧”不仅是对一种客观对象物及其固有联系的认知，在文化价值意义上，更是一种借助他者镜像对民族主体的自我构成、民族性格的内在特征的审视，是对民族文化的历史境遇和现代进程的反省，进而是对民族文学的现代转型及其内部特质，包括对汲取外来文学资源、传承与再创民族传统的内涵与方式的辨正与探索。
相同相似的现代化处境和经验，使东欧文学对现代中国有着特殊的意义。处于欧洲夹缝中的东欧诸国，共同的地缘政治特点对其现代化进程带来明显的制约。具体表现为：相对于西欧现代化先发国家而言，其现代化发生的非自主性、现代化模式选择的限制性、现代化进程的滞后性。特别是第二次大战后，东欧诸国一度实行的人民民主制度、多党联合执政和多元经济体制。因冷战时期两个世界阵营对峙的世界格局，而强制性地被苏联模式所替代（高度集中的政治与经济体制；按重、轻工业，农业顺序发展的国民经济；高速度、高积累、高投资的“三高”方针，以及农业的强制性集体化等）。所有这些在国际外部环境和内部变革方面的发展模式，都与现代中国尤其是20世纪后半期现代中国有着相似的经历。
正因为中国与东欧文学关系是两者的意识形态、社会体制、国际关系和各文化层面异同关联的反映和折射，所以，在东欧与中国文学关系的百年历史中，政治意识形态理所当然地成为各时期极为重要的制约因素。这种关系包括两个维度：一是中国与东欧间的直接交流和相互关系；二是中国与东欧双方与其他国际集团或民族国家的关系中所体现的异同关系。具体说来，就是在20世纪（特别是二战后）的历史进程中，双方在国际关系的各层面——包括文学关系方面——与西欧和俄苏关系中所体现出来的同向、同构及其差异关系。本书聚焦于在这多重关系网络中，对中国与东欧文学关系进行多层次分析，进而揭示东欧文学对于现代中国文学的意义。
研究显示，东欧文学在现代中国的译介、影响与接受，是中国主体有意识倡导和实践的结果。它是在民族面临危机的时代，伴随现代民族意识的觉醒而出现的，并始终伴随着浓厚的政治意识形态因素的制约，但它在中国现代文学演进中持续并扩大影响，却是先锋知识分子自发自觉的同声相应、同气相求的结果。
中国与东欧文学的关系历史表明，东欧文学在中国的意义凸显和接受程度，并不与其在中国译介数量的多少对应。中国与东欧之间的文化交往、文学译介及其影响接受之间，并不成正比例的对应关系。只有接受主体出于自身文化建构和文学创作的需要，进行有意识的引入（包括翻译和评价），才有可能对本土文学发生实质性的影响，其作为外来资源才会进入本土文化的创生实践，熔铸到民族文学的血液当中。
Abstract
The formation of modern national subject consciousness in the cultural encounter and exchange between China and other countries in more than one hundred years is a sign of the modernization of Chinese culture and literature,and makes one of the most salient cultural backgrounds that distinguishes modern Chinese literature from its classical literature.The study of Chinese modern subject consciousness,therefore,is of primary importance to reveal the complexity of the modernity of Chinese literature.The translation and introduction of foreign literature and culture in China was an important way in which Chinese modern subject culture and literature were created,the field where translingual cultural practice was carried out,and an important medium for Chinese people’s imagination and construction of“modern people”.The translation and introduction of the literature of marginalized nationlities along with that of the developed countries made one integral part of Chinese modern subject.The East-European literature,as the most typical in the literature of marginalized nationalities in Chinese perspective of modernity,deserves our close attention owing to the historical contribution of the literature itself to the construction of Chinese modern literature and its historical and cultural function in the historical process in comparison with European and American literature.This book is devoted to the reception of East-European literature in modern China and its cultural function in the modernization of Chinese literature.
East-European literature translated and introduced in China is much less in number than that of the West,but its historical complexity is not correspondingly less.On the contrary,the process and achievement of the translation and introduction of East-European literature is of special significance for the construction of Chinese modern subject consciousness,and has unique cultural function in the confirmation of modern national identity,the expression of literary emotion,and orientation of literary value in modern China.The study in this field will be of great use to picture the outlines of Chinese modern subject consciousness,and reveal the inner conflict and tension in the national subjects shadowed and suppressed by centrual cultural discourse.The author of this book holds that only in the multifold context of Sino-foreign cultural exchange can the complexity of the translation and introduction of the literature of marginalized nationalities receive deserved attention,can the cultural and literary significance of the translation and introduction of the literature of marginalized nationalities be justly explained,can its suppression by the powerful literature of the West in modern China be reasonably interpreted,and can the corresponding characteristics of Chinese subject consciousness be clarified.In Chinese academia of Sino-foreign literary relations,however,the translation and introduction of the literature of marginalized nationalities as one part of foreign literature in China has been mostly ignored while the focus is mainly on Sino-West or Sino-Soviet literary relations.The existent studies of the translation of foreign literature in China are mainly carried out in the perspective of foreign（national）literary studies.
From the cognitive perspective of Chinese subject,East Europe is not
simply an object of cognition,but a company for the formation of Chinese modern national consciousness,and closely related to the birth and evolution of Chinese national subject consciousness.The joint name for the different countries in East Europe is not simply a reference,but a reflection of China subject’s understanding of historical destiny,cultural circumstance,and national character of the countries of East Europe.East Europe,as a mirror image,also reflects Chinese people’s understanding of its own modern historical circumstance.In the world history of more than one hundred years,East European countries shared very similar destinies with China owing to the international structure and political ideology,which is reflected in Sino-East-European literary relations.Therefore,the studies of Sino-East-European literary relations from Chinese subject perspective is not simply to study East-Europe as an object and its relations to China,but to take East Europe as a mirror image to meditate on the formation and innate characteristics of Chinese subject,the history and modernization of national culture,modern shift of Chinese literature,the borrowing from foreign literature and recreation of national tradition.
Similar historical experience and challenge of modernization endowed East-European literature with special significance for modern China.Marginalized East-European countries faced obvious obstacles in their modernization owing to their shared geopolitical characteristics,such as the lack of autonomy in modernization,limited choices of modernizing models,and lagging behind of their modernization.The people’s democratic system,multi-party government and diversified economy adopted by East-European countries after WWII were forcedly replaced by Soviet models such as highly concentrated political and economical systems,the national economy with an order of heavy industry,light industry and agriculture,the high-speed,high-accumulation and high-investment principle,and the forced collectivization of agriculture.All those international environment and domestic evolution were very similar to that of China in the second half of 20th century.
Political ideology was a most important element in shaping Sino-East-European literary relations,which were the reflection of the similarities and differences in ideology,social system,international relations,and cultures between China and East European countries in more than one hundred years.Sino-East-European literary relations can be studied in two aspects：the direct communication and relations between China and East Europe；the similarities and differences embodied in China’s literary relations to other international groups or nations and East Europe’s literary relations to them.Specifically,in 20th century（especially after WWII），China and East Europe exhibited similarities and differences in their international relations（including literary relations）to West Europe and Russia（Soviet Union）.The book focuses on the multilevel network of relations to study Sino-East-European literary relations to reveal the significance of East-European literature for modern Chinese literature.
The study shows that the translation,introduction,influence and reception of East-European literature in modern China is the result of the conscious advocation and practice of Chinese subject.The introduction of East-European literature,carried out when China was facing national crisis and modern China’s national consciousness was coming into being,was constantly controlled by political ideology,while its lasting and expanding influence in the development of Chinese literature was the result of the conscious efforts of Chinese avant-garde intellectuals for the similar purposes.
The history of Sino-East-European literary relations shows that the special significance and reception of East European literature in China are not limited by the number of works translated and introduced in China.The cultural exchange,literary translation and introduction between China and East Europe were not directly proportional to the influence and reception of East European literature in China.Foreign literature will wield substantial influence on the local literature,enter into the original practice of local culture and blend into the blood of the national literature only when consciously introduced and translated by reception subject for its cultural construction and literary creation.