Part 1 词类大家族

Chapter 1 冠词——名词帽子不可缺

重点提要

冠词（Article）是一种虚词，通常置于名词之前，用以帮助说明该名词所指的人或事物。冠词没有词义，也没有人称和数的变化，不能独立使用。冠词一般分为3类：不定冠词（the indefinite article）a和an，定冠词（the definite article）the以及零冠词（zero article）。

不定冠词：装扮单数名词

不定冠词用法

泛指某一类别。

① A tiger is a dangerous animal．老虎是一种危险的动物。

② I have never seen an elephant before．我以前从没有见过大象。

③ It's known to all that a rabbit runs faster than a tortoise.

众所周知，兔子比乌龟跑得快。

④ A student should study hard and listen to the teachers.

学生应该努力学习，听老师的话。

⑤ An ice-cream is easy to oil when it is heated．冰激凌加热时很容易化掉。

用在第一次提到的人或物之前，表示介绍。

① He showed me a picture after supper．晚饭后，他让我看了一幅画。

② A book was found on the table in the room．在房间的桌子上发现有一本书。

③ I saw an elephant in the forest．我在森林里看到了一只大象。

④ A woman was standing in front of the building when we arrived.

我们到达时，那栋楼的前面站了一个女人。

⑤ To his surprise, a stranger was lying on his bed.

让他吃惊的是，一个陌生人正躺在他的床上。

修饰抽象名词时，使抽象名词具体化。

① It is a shame to make the same mistake．犯同样的错误真是太丢脸了。

② He saw a beauty was crying by the side of the street.

他看见一个美女在路边哭泣。

③ It's a pleasure to play with the children on the lawn.

跟孩子们一起在草坪上玩耍真是太开心了。

④ Needless to say, the girl is a proud to her family.

不用说，对于家人们来说，这个女孩是他们的骄傲。

⑤ Her sudden death was a surprise to her relatives and colleagues.

她的突然死亡令亲人和同事们很是震惊。

用在表示成对的名词前，意思是“一对”“一副”“一双”。

① The waiter brought us a fork and knife．服务员给我们拿来了一副刀叉。

② There is a fork and knife in the kitchen．厨房里有一副刀叉。

用于某些固定搭配中。

① a lot of 许多

② a piece of 一块；一片

③ in a hurry 匆忙

④ keep an eye on 照看；留意

⑤ take a rest 休息一下

用and连接的两个并列名词前，如果只有一个a/an，则表示一个人或一个事物；如果在这两个名词前各有a/an修饰，则表示两个人或事物。

① Jack Robert is a singer and actor.

杰克·罗伯特既是一名歌星，又是一名演员。

② I never imagine that it is a sofa and bed．我从没想到，它既是沙发又是床。

③ The man said his daughter was a teacher and student.

那人说，他女儿既是老师，又是学生。

④ They are an engineer and a farmer.

他们一个是工程师，一个是农民。

⑤ He took a book and a dictionary from the bag.

他从包里掏出一本书和一本字典。

不定冠词位置

在名词词组里，不定冠词一般放在最前面。

① A muscular young man is waiting for you．一个健壮的年轻人正在等你。

② A fat woman was sitting on the chair under the tree.

一个胖女人正坐在树下的椅子上。

③ He found a little boy was lost and sent him home.

他发现一个小男孩迷路了，然后把他送回了家。

④ My sister is looking forward to a heavy snow.

我妹妹期望着一场大雪的到来。

⑤ Many people died after a big rainstorm last year.

去年，一场暴风雨后，很多人死了。

quite、rather与单数名词连用时，冠词可以放在其前，也可以放在其后。

① My father used to be a quite skilled worker.（语气较弱）

我爸爸曾经是一名很熟练的工人。

② My father used to be quite a skilled worker.（语气较强）

我爸爸曾经是一名相当熟练的工人。

③ The beautiful woman there is quite a notable actress.

那边那个漂亮的女人是一个相当著名的女演员。

④ It's quite a shock to see him in America．在美国见到他真是太震惊了。

⑤ To me, he is a quite clever boy．在我看来，他是一个很聪明的男孩。

与many、what、such等一起修饰名词时，位于这些形容词之后。

① We all know she is such an idiot．我们都知道她是个白痴。

② Many a student passes the math exam．很多学生都通过了数学考试。

③ It's my first time to see such a beautiful scene.

这是我第一次见到这么美丽的风景。

④ He missed the last bus yesterday. What a pity!

他错过了昨晚的末班车。真是遗憾！

⑤ Many a friend advises him to give up his job.

很多朋友都劝他放弃他的工作。

当名词前的形容词被副词as、so、how、too、enough、however修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后，名词之前。

① How large a house did he buy？他买的是多大的房子？

② It is so busy a day as he has ever had．他从没有过这么忙的一天。

③ I have never seen so big a tomato in the past.

我过去从没有见过这么大的西红柿。

④ In my opinion, it's too important a question for these students.

我认为，这个问题对这些学生们来说很重要。

表示时间、数量和距离的名词前有half修饰时，不定冠词可以放在half与名词之间，也可放在half与名词的前面。

① She has been practicing yoga for half a year．她练习瑜伽已经半年了。

② He stayed here for a half hour and then left.

他在这待了半个小时，然后离开了。

③ I haven't seen my girlfriend for half a month.

我已经半个月没有见到我的女朋友了。

④ It has been raining for half a month．雨已经持续下了半个月了。

⑤ A half apple was wasted by the children．半个苹果都被孩子们浪费掉了。

定冠词：你知我知，分辨识别

定冠词the表示特指

指谈话双方均知道的人或事物。

① Open the door, please．请打开门。

② Would you mind passing me the sugar, please?

可以请你把糖递给我吗？

③ Where did you put the book I bought yesterday?

昨天我买的书，你放哪里了？

④ The girl who was late this morning was dismissed.

今天早上迟到的那个女孩被解雇了。

⑤ The restaurant they always went to was shut up last week.

他们经常去的那个餐馆上周停业了。

谈话时初次提及某人或某物，用不定冠词a/an来修饰，再次提及时，用定冠词the来修饰。

① He had an expensive watch. But the watch was lost yesterday.

他有一块昂贵的手表，但是昨天弄丢了。

② My mother bought me a skirt; the skirt was blue.

妈妈给我买了一条裙子，是蓝色的。

③ There is a teacher in the classroom; the teacher comes from England.

教室里有一个老师，他来自英国。

④ We saved a girl in the forest; the girl is my boss's daughter.

我们在森林里救了一个女孩，那个女孩是我老板的女儿。

⑤ My boyfriend gave me a second-hand cellphone; the cellphone was made in the U.S.A．我的男朋友给了我一个二手手机，它是美国生产的。

定冠词the用于单复数名词之前

用在世界上独一无二的事物名称前。

① The sun is far away from the earth．太阳距离地球很远。

② He wants to visit the Great Wall in China．他想去参观中国的长城。

③ Do you see that the moon is rather bright tonight?

你看到了吗？今晚的月亮尤为明亮。

④ Every one should protect the earth．每个人都应该保护地球。

⑤ The Pacific Ocean is said to be the biggest one in the world.

据说太平洋是世界上最大的海洋。

用在度量单位前，表示“每一”。

① These workers are paid by the month．这些工人是按月领工资的。

② The shopkeeper told us the rope is sold by the metre.

店员告诉我们，绳子是按米出售的。

③ Generally speaking, the tea is sold by the gram.

一般来讲，茶叶是按克出售的。

④ The length of the table is measured by the centimetres.

桌子的长度是按厘米测量的。

⑤ The house in the small town is let out by the month.

小镇上的这座房子是按月出租的。

用在表示方向、位置的名词前。

① The thief ran to the west．那个贼往西边跑了。

② Walk towards the east and you will find the forest.

一直朝东走，你就能发现那片森林。

③ My hometown lies in the south of China.

我的家乡在中国的南方。

④ They live a happy life in the north.

他们在北方过着幸福的生活。

⑤ Stand in the centre of hall and look up.

站在大厅的中间，并且抬头看。

用在年代、朝代的名词前。

① The old man was born in the 1920s．那位老人出生在20世纪20年代。

② My grandmother suffered from the disease in the 1930s.

我奶奶在20世纪30年代的时候得了这个病。

③ The vase was made in the Ming dynasty．这个花瓶是明朝时期制作的。

④ The couple knew each other in the 2010s.

这对夫妇是在21世纪10年代时互相认识的。

⑤ It can be dated back to the Qing dynasty．这可以追溯到清朝。

用在姓氏的复数名词前，表示一家人或者夫妻两个。

① The Smiths have been living in China for 15 years.

史密斯一家在中国已经生活了15年。

② The Greens went to Italy last week．格林一家上周去意大利了。

③ The Blacks were unwilling to move their house．布莱克一家不愿意搬家。

④ The Johnsons were weeding the fields a whole day.

约翰逊一家一整天都在除草。

⑤ The Smiths both work in the book store．史密斯夫妇都在书店里工作。

用在表示乐器的名词前。

① Her daughter is reluctant to play the piano．她女儿不愿意弹钢琴。

② I learned to play the guitar when I was eight．我8岁时就开始学习弹吉他了。

③ It's boring to learn to play the violin．学习小提琴太枯燥了。

④ Can you teach me how to play the piano？你能教我弹钢琴吗？

⑤ The girl was playing the cello on the stage．那名女孩正在舞台上拉大提琴。

用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。

① the Red Sea 红海

② the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河

③ the Museum of Chinese History 中国历史博物馆

④ the Great Wall 长城

⑤ the October Revolution 十月革命

⑥ the United Nations （UN）联合国

⑦ the United States 美国

用在一些习惯用语中。

① all the same 一样

② in the end 最后

③ in the morning 在早上，在上午

④ by the way 顺便说

定冠词the用于形容词之前

与形容词或分词形容词连用，表示复数意义的某一类人或事物。

① the poor 穷人

② the young 年轻人

③ the disabled 残疾人

④ the rich 富人

⑤ the old 老人

用在形容词最高级之前。

① He is the tallest man in China．他是中国最高的人。

② She is the most beautiful girl in the city．她是这个城市最漂亮的女孩。

③ I got the biggest orange, while my brother got the smallest one.

我拿到了最大的桔子，我弟弟却拿到了最小的。

④ My deskmate is the shortest one in the class．我同桌是班上最矮的人。

⑤ Fortunately, he bought the ticket for the earliest train.

幸运的是，他买到了最早一班的火车票。

用在表示序数的形容词之前。

① I am the first one who obtained the visa．我是第一个获得签证的人。

② The first one will be rewarded huge salaries.

第一名将会得到高额的薪水。

③ The singer was the first to come to the theatre.

这位歌星是第一个到达剧院的人。

④ I am the latest to leave the school every day．每天我都是最晚离开学校的人。

⑤ The runner was the third to reach the finishing line.

这个赛跑运动员是第三个到达终点的人。

用在表示民族、国籍的形容词前，表示整个民族。

① The Chinese people are diligent, kind and friendly.

中国人民勤劳，善良，友好。

② Mr. Brown said he was born in England but grew up in the United States.

布朗先生说自己出生在英国，却是在美国长大的。

③ The terrorist attack was a nightmare to the Americans.

那次恐怖袭击对于美国人民来说是一场噩梦。

用在形容词only、same、very等词之前，表示强调。

① He is the only one who knows the secret．他是唯一知道这个秘密的人。

② The twin sisters are in the same class．这对双胞胎姐妹在同一个班级。

③ The bold man singing in the room was the very person you want.

那个在屋里唱歌的秃顶男人就是你想找的人。

零冠词：无冠词的名词形态bear noun/zero article

泛指复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可以不用定冠词

① All these people in the hall are writers.

大厅里的这些人都是作家。

② The girl is busy picking flowers in the garden.

那个女孩正忙着在花园里摘花。

③ His favorite hobby is to collect stamps．他最大的爱好是集邮。

④ Teachers can enjoy two long vocations every year.

老师们每年可以享受两个长假。

⑤ Normally, men are stronger than women.

一般情况下，男人比女人强壮。

在称呼或表示官衔、职位的名词前不加任何冠词

① Miss Zhang died in a car accident．张小姐死于一场车祸。

② Dr. Black fainted after performing the operation.

布莱克医生在做完手术后晕倒了。

③ Mr. Green said it was just a slip of tongue．格林先生说，那只是一次口误。

④ Manager White said he would answer for his action.

怀特经理说，他会对自己的行为负责的。

在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词

① I am going to go fishing after lunch．我打算午饭后去钓鱼。

② He always goes to work without breakfast．他总是不吃早饭就去上班。

③ It seems that the boy doesn't like playing football.

那个男孩似乎不喜欢踢足球。

④ It's raining, so we have to play basketball indoors.

外面下雨了，所以我们得在室内打篮球。

⑤ Bungee Jumping is rather exciting for those young people.

对于那些年轻人来说，蹦极很刺激。

国名、人名、地名、月份、星期、日期、季节前通常用零冠词

① He met across an old friend in America．他在美国偶然遇到了一位老朋友。

② Jane was fired last week．简上周被解雇了。

③ They are discussing whether to go to Beijing．他们在讨论是否要去北京。

④ We will get married in October．我们10月份要结婚。

⑤ They got married on June lst．他们6月1日结婚了。

⑥ They have broken off their engagement in spring．他们在春天的时候离婚了。

抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词

① Failure is the mother of success．失败是成功之母。

② I am wondering why you are always full of energy.

我想知道你为什么总是充满活力。

③ It's fun to watch the kites flying in the sky．看着风筝在天上飞，真的很开心。

④ Time is valuable; you had better make full use of it.

时间是宝贵的，你最好充分利用它。

⑤ He was interested in music when he was a child.

他很小的时候就对音乐感兴趣。

物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词

① We can't live without air and water．没有空气和水，我们无法生存。

② Gas is light and you can't touch it．气体很轻，你摸不到。

③ Smoke from the factory is smelly．从工厂散发出来的烟很难闻。

④ It's known to all that oil easily catches fire．众所周知，油容易着火。

⑤ My sister prefers tea to coffee．比起咖啡来，我妹妹更喜欢喝茶。

两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词

① We had no book or pen in January.

一月份的时候，我们没有书，也没有笔。

② To my disappointed, my parents didn't buy me toy or book.

让我失望的是，父母没有给我买玩具和书。

在一些固定搭配中不用冠词

by与交通工具连用表示出行方式时，不加任何冠词。

① by bus 坐公交

② by sea 乘船

③ by bike 骑自行车

④ by train 坐火车

⑤ by car 坐汽车

与go相关的一些词组。

① go home 回家

② go swimming 去游泳

③ go fishing 去钓鱼

④ go shopping 去购物

一些名词词组。

① day by day 一天又一天

② day and night 日日夜夜

一些介词词组。

① in time 及时

② on foot 步行

③ at night 在晚上

④ in surprise 惊奇地

考题荟萃

1. It is so busy ______day as I have ever had.

A. the

B. an

C. a

D. /

2. ______ great many tourists came to the town.

A. A

B. An

C. /

D. The

3. Her aunt is ______writer and ______teacher.

A. a; /

B. a; a

C. the; the

D. a; the

4. There is ______umbrella on the table.

A. a

B. an

C. /

D. the

5. You should finish the paper in ______hour.

A. /

B. the

C. an

D. a

6. ______moon moves round ______earth.

A. The; the

B. The; an

C. A; the

D. A; an

7. ______West Lake is in ______Zhejiang Province.

A. The; a

B. A; the

C. /; the

D. The; /

8. The workers were paid by ______week.

A. /

B. the

C. an

D. a

9. We should try our best to help ______disabled.

A. the

B. /

C. a

D. an

10. Health should be ______most important.

A. an

B. a

C. the

D. /

11. I wonder if there is any secret of ______success.

A. /

B. the

C. a

D. an

12. He did not have ______lunch yesterday.

A. the

B. an

C. /

D. a

答案：

1. C 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. C

11. A 12. C